The best psychological thrillers of all time to watch

Film noir’s most unsettling nightmare ends in a flaming nuclear disaster – and if that anxiety weren’t enough, there’s also off-screen torture, ferocious desk-clerk slapping and the casual destruction of a beloved opera record. Robert Aldrich’s perverse masterpiece brings Mickey Spillane’s vicious Mike Hammer (a grinning Ralph Meeker) to life: a vain bottom-feeder prone to using his fists. He’s the sourest of antiheroes. Los Angeles has made him that way.

A creepy boarding school, a monstrous headmaster, his quietly fed-up wife, another disgruntled lover – thrillers rarely come better stocked for suspense. France’s own Alfred Hitchcock, Henri-Georges Clouzot, subversively teams up the timid spouse (Véra Clouzot, the director's wife, playing a plain Jane in braids) with the hedonistic mistress (Simone Signoret, sporting a contrastingly provocative look) for a vengeful murder scheme against their common enemy. The result is a truly scary thriller that influenced ‘Psycho’.

Often regarded as cinema’s greatest achievement, ‘Vertigo’ presents the peak of Hitchcock’s psychosexual fixations in gloriously shot Technicolor. Playing Judy Barton – or is it Madeleine Elster? – Kim Novak personifies twisty femininity. Jimmy Stewart’s ‘Scottie’ Ferguson, an ex-detective increasingly consumed by her, is a perfect subversion of the actor’s wholesome image.

As a study of masculinity and alienation, Martin Scorsese’s most disturbing masterwork has taken on even greater relevance in the last few years, in ways that probably shock and frighten the director himself. In the 1970s, it was easy for audiences to see Travis Bickle – Robert De Niro’s iconic antihero – as deeply damaged and deluded, a symbol of just how much the myth of American exceptionalism had eroded post-Vietnam and Watergate. But how many 4chan incels and MAGA vigilantes now watch that famously ambiguous ending and view him as an actual hero? Shudder. 

A shadowy, expressionist nightmare about a killer on the loose in the Berlin underworld, the first talkie from German heavyweight Fritz Lang invented – or at least greatly inspired – everything from the police procedural to the film noir. It also might be the earliest example of a true psychological thriller, particularly in the way it tries to burrow inside the mind of an ostensible villain and drill into the root of their evil. And for all its stylistic innovation, that might be M’s most daring ploy: to portray a child murderer (Peter Lorre in a jarring performance) in a sympathetic light. Its central question remains relevant today: In a sick society, is a criminal any worse than the violent mob that condemns them?

David Fincher’s deep dive into the enigmatic Zodiac Killer might move in a leisurely fashion, but its slow pace only heightens the unravelling of both the film’s journalist protagonists and the investigation into some of America’s most infamous unsolved crimes. In the end, one is left feeling that the compulsions to solve crimes and solves life’s puzzles, no matter how grim they are, are essentially fruitless.

A sexy masterpiece of deeply unsettling mystery, David Lynch’s nonlinear neo-noir is a dusky, discursive thriller as glamorous and slippery as the city it celebrates. It is endlessly fascinating, and certainly one of his most enduring voyages into dream logic. Two female archetypes – blonde Betty (Naomi Watts) and brunette Rita (Laura Harring) – become inextricably linked as they navigate the glittering cinematic surface and the criminal underbelly of LA, encountering budding director Adam Kesher (Justin Theroux) en route. It’s a journey that ultimately leads us to question the very nature of identity and reality.

In the early 1950s amid America’s growing panic surrounding Soviet domination, Hollywood was facing its own Communist backlash. The McCarthy hearings highlighted that filmmakers had just as much to fear from their own government as they did from a looming and shady foreign power. It makes sense that the movies produced during and after this time would reflect that, and indeed ‘The Manchurian Candidate’ is the clearest expression of that anxiety. Even now, it remains a nightmarish tale of high-level subterfuge, mental manipulation and the futility of one man’s rebellion against an ingrained social system.

Watergate was still unraveling when Francis Ford Coppola dropped this tightly-wound mystery, but the paranoia of the era fills every frame. Gene Hackman is phenomenal as Harry Caul, a surveillance expert who knows firsthand that there’s no such thing as privacy in the modern world. His profession has left him guilt-stricken and emotionally walled-off – and when he believes he’s captured a murder confession on tape, that’s when he becomes completely unglued. Released between The Godfather and The Godfather: Part II, The Conversation is frequently overlooked in Coppola’s filmography, yet it stands not just as one of the highlights of his career, but the entire 1970s. 

Isabella Rossellini, Kyle MacLachlan, Dennis Hopper and Laura Dern star in this suburban nightmare. It’s a haunted cruise into a netherworld of desperate damsels, corrupt cops, underworld crooners and well-dressed fuckin’ men. Director David Lynch creates a visually stunning, convincingly coherent portrait of a monstrous substratum to conventional, respectable society. Impossible to describe, harder still to fully comprehend, it’s more nightmare than film.

Languid arthouse-r Michelangelo Antonioni is hardly the first name you think of in the ‘thrillers’ genre. But where other filmmakers hit all the genre beats – the girl(s), the gun, the crime – the Italian skips anything so prosaic to weave a hypnotic portrayal of the dark side of Swinging Sixties London. If you find Antonioni’s ‘L’Avventura’ a bit less than rigorous in solving its own central mystery, lower your expectations. If not, double-bill it with Brian De Palma’s loose homage ‘Blow Out’ for an extra serve of sensory paranoia.

Dutch director George Sluizer’s haunting mystery is crazymaking in its mundanity, for both the protagonist and the audience. While on a road trip through the French countryside, a young man’s girlfriend disappears from a rest stop without a trace. Years later, he’s mostly given up hope of finding her alive, but her disappearance still consumes him. Eventually, his curiosity gets the better of him, leading to a shock ending so horrifying you’ll wish it wasn’t so memorable. We wouldn’t dare spoil it, but as a warning, have a paper bag handy.

Hitchcock’s wartime thriller pairs Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant in a tale of intrigue and double-dealing. It’s set in Rio but you won’t find gorgeous shots of Sugarloaf Mountain here, only opulent interiors that feel like they’re closing in as the stakes crank up. Don’t expect the suave Grant of ‘North By Northwest’ et al; his US government agent is, frankly, a bit of a cad, leaving Bergman in mortal peril as Nazi suspicions slowly fall on her.

Hitchcock rated this blackly comic suburban thriller as one of his very best, and who are we to argue? He embroiders it with little details: blink-and-you’ll-miss-it evidence that builds up to a portrait of breathtaking sociopathy in the lady-killing Uncle Charlie (Joseph Cotten). To his teenage niece – the young, bored, yearning-to-be-elsewhere Charlotte ‘Charlie’ Newton (Teresa Wright) – his visit is a welcome diversion. At least until she realises that he’s actually a cold-blooded murderer.

Novelist Jim Thompson was a genius of hardboiled crime fiction: his books are lean and gripping, generally following a rugged, amoral, none-too-bright hero as he’s messed with by a sharp-witted woman with a lust for cash. This Martin Scorsese-produced, Stephen Frears-directed black comedy is one of the strongest adaptations of his work. John Cusack plays the lunk in question, a con-man who thinks he can get one over on his own mother, played with delicious savagery by Anjelica Huston. Needless to say, it doesn’t quite pan out.

‘Funny Games’ director Michael Haneke understands the hidden guilt of the blissful bourgeois, tormented by outside forces – in this case, an unknown stalker with a camera. Among the auteur’s masterpieces, this Juliette Binoche-starrer agitates through its meticulously concealed anxiety, culminating in a political statement on the contemporary residues of historical violence and racism.

He’s a deeply polarising figure now but there was a time when Roman Polanski was best known for his mastery of taut yet tangled thrillers. This Oscar-nominated 1962 effort, filmed in his native tongue and shot in Poland’s lake district of Masuria, is a three-hander that bristles with static. It’s an exercise in pared-back tension building: a young man is invited into a couple’s sailing excursion and… well, nothing good happens. It’s ‘Swallows and Amazons’ with more knives and jostling male egos.

Brian De Palma’s reworking of the ’60s thinker ‘Blow-Up’ is a superbly stylised tale of paranoia, featuring John Travolta as a movie sound-effects technician who believes he’s captured a political assassination in his recordings. The film is bolstered by a number of high-strung set pieces; its combination of slasher-flick imagery, political intrigue and tragedy is intoxicating.

Charlie Kaufman’s cinematic brain teasers have always been difficult to wrap one’s head around, but his third film as director is a mindfuck in the most Lynchian sense of the term. It follows a young woman (Jessie Buckley) on her way to visit her new boyfriend’s (Jesse Plemons) parents, and… well, that’s about all we can say without giving ourselves a migraine trying to figure out how to describe what happens from there. It’s purposefully disorienting, with characters suddenly changing names and intercutting scenes seemingly from a different movie entirely, so if you’re one of those people who always needs to know what literally ‘happened’ in a movie, it’ll really only upset you. But if you go in realising that the movie isn’t a puzzle waiting to be solved, and you simply give yourself over to the experience, then it becomes like one of those bizarrely vivid dreams you can’t ever stop thinking about. 

The dramatic world of ballet is fertile ground for an exploration of professional jealousy and obsession. Darren Aronofsky’s lurid psychological horror film delves into the compellingly creepy idea of doppelgangers, via committed performances from Natalie Portman and Mila Kunis, who push the backstage maneuvering to dizzying extremes.

It’s often dismissed as a scrappy footnote to Orson Welles’s career: a muddled thriller he made while slowly exiting the Hollywood mainstream and generally annoying studio big cheeses. But there’s tons of fun to be had in a noirish treat that showcases a newly cropped Rita Hayworth running rings around Welles’s salty Irish sailor and a plot that does pretty much the same thing. The climactic hall of mirrors scene has since become cinematic shorthand for fractured psyches, but here it’s evidence that the filmmaking boy wonder could still deliver invention and a sense of theatre in spades.

Remember when the most confusing thing about a Christopher Nolan film was his decision to tell the story backward? Critics of the director’s breakthrough thriller dismissed its reverse-chronological structure as a gimmick, but it’s really the whole point. After all, this is a movie about memory; specifically, that of an amnesiac (Guy Pearce) trying to figure out who murdered his wife. The inside-out narrative is designed to challenge the audience’s own perceptions of what exactly is happening. No, it wouldn’t be quite as impressive told linearly, but that’s like saying The Godfather Part II wouldn’t be as good without the parallel timelines: it’s a fundamental part of what makes the movie what it is. And anyway, it works: it’s a film that grabs you by the collar and inches you forward until your nose is practically pressed against the screen.

Continuing the fascination with violence and its representation evident in his earlier films, Haneke's movie may be shocking, but it's also entirely serious. A couple and their young son arrive at their lakeside holiday home, only to have it invaded by two strange, ultra-polite young men who turn out to be sadistic, homicidal psychopaths. No facile explanations are offered for the killers' behaviour; rather, through their regular asides to the camera, and by occasionally disrupting the otherwise 'realist' narrative, Haneke explores both the emotional and physical effects of violence, and interrogates our own motives in consuming violent stories. Amazingly, very little violence is actually seen; we hear its perpetration and witness its aftermath, which (though no less disturbing) is absolutely crucial to the responsible treatment of such a horrific subject. Brilliant, radical, provocative, it's a masterpiece that is at times barely watchable.

Before gaslighting became a thing, it was a film – actually, it was two films. The first is a British effort from 1940 about a woman being slowly robbed of her sanity by her controlling husband. The best of them, though, is George Cukor’s 1944 thriller that spins Patrick Hamilton’s play into the template Donald Trump and others would later perfect IRL. In a meta move, the Hollywood studio behind Cukor’s film, MGM, tried to destroy the negative of the earlier version. Might have been easier persuading people it didn’t exist, eh?

David Fincher’s serial-killer thriller isn’t afraid of stereotypes; from the mismatched cops to the overly intelligent psychopath, the film ticks all manner of boxes. But then Fincher creates an atmospheric and claustrophobic world, a rainy urban hellscape, that shocks these tropes with a revitalising buzz of electricity. Andrew Kevin Walker’s script contrasts theoretical bookishness with impulsive action that builds until film’s horrifying final few moments, which leave you in a moral quandary that perhaps has no answer.

Jonathan Demme’s taut serial-killer procedural, based on the novel by Thomas Harris, borders on Grand Guignol horror. Jodie Foster, blending strength and vulnerability, stars as FBI trainee Clarice Starling, who is sent to interview the cannibalistic Dr Hannibal Lecter, embodied chillingly by Anthony Hopkins, in a maximum-security facility so that he might shed light on a string of abductions and murders by the elusive Buffalo Bill. Featuring exceptional cross-cutting leading up to its grand finale (a twisty reveal sends shivers down your spine), Lambs is one of the greatest thrillers of all time, and set an unbeatable benchmark for serial-killer movies.

It’s a thrill in itself to watch a filmmaker come out of nowhere and immediately establish themselves as one of cinema’s most exciting new voices, which is precisely what Jordan Peele did with Get Out. Peele wasn’t an entirely unknown commodity, but as one half of the sketch comedy duo Key & Peele, hardly anyone would have pegged him to produce a true horror classic, let alone reinvent the genre. That may sound hyperbolic, but it’s difficult to think of another debut feature that deftly blends satire, social commentary and true horror into its own sort of movie language. Peele himself dubbed it a ‘social thriller’, and that’s as good a descriptor as any for this twisty tale about both the banality of evil and the evil of banality – and also American neoliberalism.

Putting the, erm, ‘cock’ into Hitchcockian, this sexually explicit homage to the Master comes filtered through the elegant prism of French filmmaker Alain Guiraudie. It’s an atmospheric murder-mystery set at a gay cruising spot by a sunkissed lake. On the surrounding hills, strangers get hot and heavy; below them, a man is drowned. Franck (Pierre Deladonchamps) witnesses the crime and quickly finds himself drawn into a nerve-shredding game of cat and mouse with the perpetrator.

This Spanish film was remade in Hollywood as ‘Vanilla Sky’, one of Tom Cruise’s artier projects best known for its breathtaking shot of a deserted Times Square. The original, by Alejandro Amenábar, doesn’t have that money shot but it does a much better job of knitting its existential narrative into a persuasive thriller about a wealthy young man attempting to piece his life back together after a terrible accident. If you love Penélope Cruz, good news: she’s in both.

Glenn Close stars in this controversial thriller about a stalking ex-mistress that kicked off a whole slew of single-white-female thrillers. Close plays Alex, an editor at a publishing company, who, after an affair with the successful Dan, played by Michael Douglas, becomes obsessed and begins to stalk him and his family. After the unfortunate death of a rabbit – giving us the term ‘bunny boiler’ in the process – things come to a bloody conclusion.‘Fatal Attraction’ might not get made today, especially because of wised up discussions about mental health and misogyny, but it’ll still put the blinkers on any extra-marital activity you might be planning.

This re-released B&W melodramatic thriller gave the muscular director Robert Aldrich a big hit on release in 1962 and has enjoyed warm admiration ever since as a camp classic. Part of its appeal was casting the explosive mixture of ageing stars Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as the co-dependent/murderously antagonistic ex-starlet sisters; ex-child star Jane (Davis), maddened by sororial jealousy and alcoholism, and the threatened Blanche, who eclipsed her, now bound by a wheelchair and a staircase-filled house.Reviewed nowadays, the Guignol/Gothic elements impress less (the eerie use of sound and cinematographer Ernest Heller’s clever expressionist touches notwithstanding) than the wry Billy Wilder-esque cynicism Aldrich applies to its ‘Hollywood on Hollywood’ portrait and his use of sturdy Hitchcockian techniques to strengthen and punctuate the film’s neurotic hot-house melodramatics. Though far from Aldrich’s best, it still makes for an amusing and enjoyable romp, with Davis’s schizophrenic ravings deepened by the poignant awareness the director shows of loss, ageing and faded glory.

An indie landmark that smashes coming-of-age story and sci-fi together like colliding atoms and creates something completely singular in the process, Richard Kelly’s debut film is still impossible to explain – and all the better for it. Into its small town dreamscape of giant rabbits, falling jet engines, quantum physics and high-school bullying wanders a youthful Jake Gyllenhaal to face his own personal apocalypse. It’s tempting to call it ‘Lynchian’ but its preoccupations are more grounded in relatable human frailties: mental health, family life and belonging.